Immune deficiency refers to conditions in which the body’s immune system does not function properly, making it harder to fight infections. People with immune deficiencies may experience frequent, severe, or unusual infections affecting the sinuses, lungs, skin, or other organs. Some immune deficiencies are present at birth (primary), while others are acquired later in life due to illness, medications, or other factors (secondary). Symptoms may vary widely, and not all frequent infections mean someone has an immune deficiency.
Evaluation typically includes a detailed history, physical exam, and blood tests to assess infection-fighting antibodies and immune cell function. Additional testing—such as imaging, vaccine challenge testing to measure immune response, or genetic evaluation—may be recommended depending on the situation. Treatment is tailored to the specific type of immune deficiency and may include antibiotics, vaccines, or immunoglobulin replacement therapy to support the immune system. With proper diagnosis and care, many patients can significantly reduce infections and improve their quality of life.
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